3 Battista Biggio Zahid Akhtar Giorgio Fumera Gian Luca Marcialis Fabio Roli 2011 Robustness of multi-modal biometric verification systems under realistic spoofing attacks International Joint Conference on Biometrics (IJCB 2011) Washington DC, USA October multimodal biometric systems robustness evaluation spoof attacks <div align="justify"> Recent works have shown that multi-modal biometric systems are not robust against spoofing attacks. However, this conclusion has been obtained under the hypothesis of a “worst case” attack, where the attacker is able to replicate perfectly the genuine biometric traits. Aim of this paper is to analyse the robustness of some multi-modal verification systems, combining fingerprint and face biometrics, under realistic spoofing attacks, in order to investigate the validity of the results obtained under the worst-case attack assumption. </div>